Description: This is my work from my textbook, the only reason it says Project Definition is because the title for this particular day is Project Definition.

May 12th, 2008: Socialism

Hopefully, it is good and what was asked. If not, then I had fun doing it!  + :p = :Z 

Description: Page 769 #’s 3,4- – It’s really long! I <3 #4′s answer, which is the speech. It sounds so sophisticated and intelligent!

 ;) <3

Description: Simon Bolivar’s Quote: My Interpretation

April 10th, 2008: 1848

Description: Page 636 #’s 2, 4 and Page 642 # 4

April 14th, 2008: Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution

Description: Page 550 #’s 1, 2

April 14th, 2008: Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution EXTRA CREDIT

Description: Very awesome! If I do say so myself…

April 16th, 2008: A Modest Proposal

Description: Page 558 # 1 and Page 563 #’s 1, 2

April 28th, 2008: India India

Description: Page 681 #’s 1, 3

April 30th, 2008: China China

Description: Page 416 #’s 4 and Page 421 # 2

1. Plebiscite: Procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote.

Nationalism: Love of one’s country rather than of one’s native region.

Scorched-Earth Policy: Tactic of burning or destroying crops and anything else of value to an invading country.

2. Napoleonic Code: System of French law under Napoleon’s direction.

Concordat: Agreement between Napoleon and the pope recognizing Catholicism as the religion of most French citizens.

Horatio Nelson: A Vice Admiral that defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain in 1805.Nelson was killed in the battle, but he saved Britain from invasion.

Duke Of Wellington: Britain sent the future Duke of Wellington to help the Spanish and Portuguese people to rise up against the French . This war is known as the Peninsula War, lasting from 1808 to 1814.

A. The National Convention first met on September 1792, delegates were elected to this convention by universal manhood suffrage. The National Convention changed France by ending absolute monarchy all over France and beginning the French Republic. The monarchy ended by executing Louis XVI on January 21, 1793. These are the real changes… The National Convention in 1793 took steps to meet the threat of invaders by setting up the Committee of Public Safety. This Committee directed the army in crushing foreign invaders. The National Convention worked to suppress all opposition and revolts within France. This became known as The Reign of Terror, which lasted from September 1793 to July 1794. The Committee of Public Safety also opened up schools for they supported the idea of universal elementary education. To aid the economy the Committee decided to stop the inflation. Even during The Reign of Terror, the Committee worked to address human rights and concerns, this abolished slavery in France’s colonies and encouraged religious toleration. The National Convention changed their confusing system of weights and measurements to the metric system. They also replaced the calendar, starting from the year they executed Louis XVI, the First Year of Liberty (Year 1) because it did reflect the French people’s hope that their republic would mark the dawn of a new era.

B. The Reign of Terrors was a period of time during the French Revolution when the National Convention worked to suppress all opposition, this time the French people suffered and were scared of being accused because of death by the guillotine. As Robespierre wrote. “It is necessary to annihilate both the internal and external enemies of the republic or perish with its fall.” The Jacobins not only were against nobility, but against any one who was suspected of disloyalty. By the spring of of 1794, the French army had gained an advantage in the was against the foreign powers. With the republic thus out of danger, Danton believed that the Reign of Terror should be relaxed and Robespierre (even more fanatical accused Danton of disloyalty to the Revolution) and sentenced him to death by guillotine. After the death of Danton and his followers, this caused fear  for their own safety to arise in Robespierre’s colleagues. Robespierre continued the Reign of Terror and he truly believed that only he could protect the Revolution from its enemies. In the end, the National Convention called Robespierre to a halt and arrested him and guillotined him. With Robespierre’s death, the Reign of Terror came to an end. People felt relief and the Jacobins lost power. The wealthy middle class took control of the National Convention and fashions changed when people rec=belled the strict Jacobin values. However, prices rose sharply, causing hardship for the poor. Riots were put down by the army but feelings of unrest persisted. By 1794 many French people favored monarchy.

C. Napoleon Bonaparte was a young general who attended military school in France. Already at age 26, Napoleon had stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory. Napoleon was only five feet two inches tall but had an extremely strong personality. He was ambitious and energetic. He had great organizational skills and was a good manager of both political and military affairs. One of his smartest personal moves was marrying Josephine de Beauharnais,  a leader of French society, in 1796. Two days after the marriage, Napoleon won command of the French army that was fighting the Austrians in Italy. Napoleon is considered one of the greatest generals of all time. Because of the dominant role that he played starting in 1796, the wars that France fought from then until 1815 are called the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon’s rise to power started in Italy, after he improved conditions for the troops by gaining their support and boosting morale, when he force the Sardinians to make peace. He then went on to defeat the Austrians four times. In 1797 Napoleon forced the Austrians to sign a treaty that gave France control of all northern Italy. Napoleon kept conquesting and his name was very popular in France and the directory feared him seizing power. The directory allowed Napoleon to go to Egypt so that he wouldn’t seize power in Paris. Napoleon did at first manage to have Egypt but, France controlling Egypt ended in disaster, so Napoleon when he returned to France had exaggerated the truth of his victories in Egypt, just to lead out the Austrians again out of France and reconquer the places they had seized control over. Although Napoleon became a hero, France was in a dangerous situation. The British had organized an alliance of nations to oppose France, including Austria and Russia. These forces drove the French armies out of Italy, and French control over other conquered territories slipped. Napoleon’s supporters believed that only he could win victories abroad and restore order at home. Fearing that royalists might seize control, they developed a plan to overthrow a government and put Napoleon in power. These supporters wanted France to be stable because they feared losing the property and power they had gained during the Revolution. In 1799 the legislature did away with four out of the five directors. Armed troops forced most of the members of the legislature to leave. Those members who stayed gave power to Napoleon and his fellow plotters. Seizing power like this is referred as the coup d’etat. Napoleon’s power now was at the point of being crowned to help rule France from just being a popular general leading France to victory.

Page 528 #4

A. Napoleon’s greatest achievement in 1804 was becoming emperor of France. Napoleon’s supporters wanted to make his power permanent and hereditary. In anther plebiscite in 1804, the French people voted to declare France an empire. Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon I and his wife became Empress Josephine.  To mark the beginning of the empire the pope came to Paris to crown the couple. However, just as he was about to place the crown on Napoleon’s head, Napoleon took the crown and placed it on himself.  Thus Napoleon showed that the power and authority he had were not given to him by no one but himself. 

B. Napoleon’s empire extended far beyond France’s old borders, and won battles against other countries. He made Austria and Prussia sign peace treaties  and ruled Netherlands and Spain and forced Papal states into an alliances. In addition to that, he abolished the Holy Roman Empire and unified it into the Kingdom of Italy under his control.

C. Prussia, Austria, Britain, and Russia had formed allies to crush France in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. The allies won and defeated Napoleon. Napoleon gave up his rule and the throne returned to the Bourbon monarchs. Napoleon was sent to the island of Saint Helena, a small, lonely island in the South Atlantic, where he lived under constant guard. In 1821 Napoleon died there.